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SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2marks)
1. (a) A man can read the number of a distant bus clearly but he finds difficulty in reading a book.From which defect of the eye is suffering from?
(b) A child sitting in class is not able to read writing on the blackboard. Name the type of defect he/she is suffering from?
Ans: (a) The defect of the man’s eye is long sightedness or hypermetropia. To correct this defect, spectacles having convex lenses are needed.
(b) myopia : Myopia is corrected by using spectacles containing concave lenses of suitable focal length.
2. What type of spectacles should be worn by a person having the defects of myopia as well as hypermetropia? How does it help?
Ans: - A person suffering from myopia as well as hypermetropia uses spectacles having bi-focal lenses in which upper part consists of a concave lens to correct myopia used for distant visions and the lower part consists of a convex lens to correct hypermetropia used for reading purposes.
3. The sun near the horizon appears flattened at the sun set and sun rise. Explain why.
Ans: - This is due to atmospheric refraction. The density and refractive index of the atmosphere decreases with altitude, so the rays from the top and bottom portion of the sun on horizon are refracted by different degrees. This causes the apparent flattening of the sun. But the rays from the sides of the sun on a horizontal plane are generally refracted by the same amount, so the sun still appears circular along the sides.
4. Explain why and when the sun is overhead at noon it appears white
Ans: - When the sun is overhead at noon, then the light coming from the sun has to travel a relatively shorter distance through the atmosphere to reach us. During this shorter journey of sunlight, only a little of the blue colour of the white light is scattered. Since the light is coming from the overhead sun has almost all its component colours in the right proportion, therefore the sun in the sky overhead appears white to us.
5. A boy uses spectacles of focal length -50 cm. Name the defect of vision he is suffering from. Compute the power of this lens.
Ans: - The boy uses spectacles of focal length of -50 cm. Negative sign of focal length means he is using concave lens. Thus he has myopic vision defect. The power of lens is given by power of a lens in dioptre = 1/focal length of the lens in meter = 1/0.5 = -2 dioptre
6. Give the meaning of the term ‚ VIBGYOR‛ with which phenomenon is it connected?
Ans: - The term ‚ VIBGYOR‛ represents the seven colours of the spectrum of white light. This is because V stands for violet, I stands for indigo, B stands for blue, G stands for green, Y stands for yellow, O stands for orange and R stands for red. This term is connected with the dispersion of the white light when it passes through a glass prism.
7. Explain the following terms connected with the eye. (i) Ciliary muscles (ii) Accommodation.
Ans:(i) Ciliary muscles: These are the muscles, which hold the eye lens.(ii) Accommodation: The ability of the eye lens to change its focal length is called accommodation.
8. What is meant by spectrum of white light?
Ans: When white light comes out of the prism, light is spread in a (band) shaped beam. This shaped beam is termed as a spectrum. Light is said to be dispersed into a spectrum consisting of violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red.
9. (a) What will be color of the sky in the absence of atmosphere?
(b) Why are the traffic light signals (or danger signals) of red color?
Ans: (a) In the absence of any atmosphere, there will be no scattering of sunlight and the sky will appear dark.
(b) In the visible spectrum, the red color has the largest wavelength. The red color is least scattered by fog or dust particles. Therefore, we can observe red color easily even in foggy and dusty conditions.
10.Why does the sky appear dark and black to an astronaut instead of blue?
Ans: This is because there is no atmosphere containing air in the outer space to scatter light. Since there is no scattered light, which can reach our eyes in outer space, therefore, the sky looks dark and black there. This is why the astronauts who go to outer space find the sky to be dark and black instead of blue.
11. Explain why, when the sun is overhead at noon, it appears white?
Ans: When the sun is overhead at noon, then the light coming from the sun has to travel a relatively shorter distance through the atmosphere to reach us. As a result, only a little of the blue colour of the white light is scattered (most of the blue light remains in it). Since the light coming from the overhead sun has almost all its components colours in the right proportion, therefore, the sun appears white.
12.What is Atmospheric Refraction?
Ans: Atmospheric refraction refers to the refraction of light by the earth’s atmosphere due difference in refractive indices of the different layers of air.
13. Describe : Mirage and looming
Ans:
Looming: In very cold regions the lower layers of air are cooled so much that its density increases down wards rapidly. Rays from a distant object, bends more and more away from the normal and suffer total reflection. The rays then proceeds downwards depending more and more towards the normal and ultimately appear to an observer to be emanating from an object hanging inverted in the sky.
Mirage– When light rays travel through the hot air in summer days, they are totally internally reflected. Thus, the inverted image of distant object is observed.
NUMERICAL
12. A person with myopic eye cannot see objects beyond 1.2metre distinctly. What should be the nature of corrective lenses to restore proper vision?
Ans: Here, distance of far point, x = 1.2m
For viewing distant objects, focal length of corrective lens,
F = -x = -1.2 m
P = 1 / f = 1 / -1.2 = -0.83D
2. The far point of a myopic person is 80 cm in front of the eye. What is the nature and power of the lens required to correct the problem?
Ans: For diagram,Here, x’ = 1m = 100cm, d = 25cm,
f =?From f = x’d / x’- d,
F = 100*25 / 100 - 25=33.3cmP = 100 / f = 100 / 33.3 = 3D
3. The far point of myopic person is 80 cm in front of the eye. What is the nature and power of the lens required to enable him to see very distant objects distinctly?
Ans: Concave; -1.25D
4. The far point of a myopic person is 150 cm in front the eye. Calculate the focal length and power of a lens required to enable him to see distant objects clearly.
Ans: -1.5m, -0.67D
Q. By giving reasons state your observations when a parallel beam of white light :
(i) is passed through by hypo-solution and then focussed on a white screen
(ii) is passed through hypo-solution (to which few drops of sulphuric acid is added) and then focussed on a white screen.
Ans. (i) The path of white light is not visible in the hypo-solution. The beam focuses on the white screen as a bright white spot.
Reason: The white light does not get scattered because the size of particles in the hyposolution is too small compared to the wavelengths in white light.
(ii) (a) In 2-3 minutes, after the addition of sulphuric acid, the sides of container start emiting blue light.
(b) The light coming out of the container is initially orange, then red and focusses on the screen. This light gradually changes to crimson red.
Reason : The sulphuric acid reacts with hypo solution to form colloidal sulphur. Initially these sulphur particles are very small and hence scatter blue light. Thus, the deficient light passing out of the container is orange in colour. However, as the reaction proceeds, more and more colloidal particles of sulphur are formed. These sulphur particles then join to form bigger sulphur particles. These bigger particles scatter red colour and hence the light coming out of the container is crimson red.
1. (a) A man can read the number of a distant bus clearly but he finds difficulty in reading a book.From which defect of the eye is suffering from?
(b) A child sitting in class is not able to read writing on the blackboard. Name the type of defect he/she is suffering from?
Ans: (a) The defect of the man’s eye is long sightedness or hypermetropia. To correct this defect, spectacles having convex lenses are needed.
(b) myopia : Myopia is corrected by using spectacles containing concave lenses of suitable focal length.
2. What type of spectacles should be worn by a person having the defects of myopia as well as hypermetropia? How does it help?
Ans: - A person suffering from myopia as well as hypermetropia uses spectacles having bi-focal lenses in which upper part consists of a concave lens to correct myopia used for distant visions and the lower part consists of a convex lens to correct hypermetropia used for reading purposes.
3. The sun near the horizon appears flattened at the sun set and sun rise. Explain why.
Ans: - This is due to atmospheric refraction. The density and refractive index of the atmosphere decreases with altitude, so the rays from the top and bottom portion of the sun on horizon are refracted by different degrees. This causes the apparent flattening of the sun. But the rays from the sides of the sun on a horizontal plane are generally refracted by the same amount, so the sun still appears circular along the sides.
4. Explain why and when the sun is overhead at noon it appears white
Ans: - When the sun is overhead at noon, then the light coming from the sun has to travel a relatively shorter distance through the atmosphere to reach us. During this shorter journey of sunlight, only a little of the blue colour of the white light is scattered. Since the light is coming from the overhead sun has almost all its component colours in the right proportion, therefore the sun in the sky overhead appears white to us.
5. A boy uses spectacles of focal length -50 cm. Name the defect of vision he is suffering from. Compute the power of this lens.
Ans: - The boy uses spectacles of focal length of -50 cm. Negative sign of focal length means he is using concave lens. Thus he has myopic vision defect. The power of lens is given by power of a lens in dioptre = 1/focal length of the lens in meter = 1/0.5 = -2 dioptre
6. Give the meaning of the term ‚ VIBGYOR‛ with which phenomenon is it connected?
Ans: - The term ‚ VIBGYOR‛ represents the seven colours of the spectrum of white light. This is because V stands for violet, I stands for indigo, B stands for blue, G stands for green, Y stands for yellow, O stands for orange and R stands for red. This term is connected with the dispersion of the white light when it passes through a glass prism.
7. Explain the following terms connected with the eye. (i) Ciliary muscles (ii) Accommodation.
Ans:(i) Ciliary muscles: These are the muscles, which hold the eye lens.(ii) Accommodation: The ability of the eye lens to change its focal length is called accommodation.
8. What is meant by spectrum of white light?
Ans: When white light comes out of the prism, light is spread in a (band) shaped beam. This shaped beam is termed as a spectrum. Light is said to be dispersed into a spectrum consisting of violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red.
9. (a) What will be color of the sky in the absence of atmosphere?
(b) Why are the traffic light signals (or danger signals) of red color?
Ans: (a) In the absence of any atmosphere, there will be no scattering of sunlight and the sky will appear dark.
(b) In the visible spectrum, the red color has the largest wavelength. The red color is least scattered by fog or dust particles. Therefore, we can observe red color easily even in foggy and dusty conditions.
10.Why does the sky appear dark and black to an astronaut instead of blue?
Ans: This is because there is no atmosphere containing air in the outer space to scatter light. Since there is no scattered light, which can reach our eyes in outer space, therefore, the sky looks dark and black there. This is why the astronauts who go to outer space find the sky to be dark and black instead of blue.
11. Explain why, when the sun is overhead at noon, it appears white?
Ans: When the sun is overhead at noon, then the light coming from the sun has to travel a relatively shorter distance through the atmosphere to reach us. As a result, only a little of the blue colour of the white light is scattered (most of the blue light remains in it). Since the light coming from the overhead sun has almost all its components colours in the right proportion, therefore, the sun appears white.
12.What is Atmospheric Refraction?
Ans: Atmospheric refraction refers to the refraction of light by the earth’s atmosphere due difference in refractive indices of the different layers of air.
13. Describe : Mirage and looming
Ans:
Looming: In very cold regions the lower layers of air are cooled so much that its density increases down wards rapidly. Rays from a distant object, bends more and more away from the normal and suffer total reflection. The rays then proceeds downwards depending more and more towards the normal and ultimately appear to an observer to be emanating from an object hanging inverted in the sky.
Mirage– When light rays travel through the hot air in summer days, they are totally internally reflected. Thus, the inverted image of distant object is observed.
NUMERICAL
12. A person with myopic eye cannot see objects beyond 1.2metre distinctly. What should be the nature of corrective lenses to restore proper vision?
Ans: Here, distance of far point, x = 1.2m
For viewing distant objects, focal length of corrective lens,
F = -x = -1.2 m
P = 1 / f = 1 / -1.2 = -0.83D
2. The far point of a myopic person is 80 cm in front of the eye. What is the nature and power of the lens required to correct the problem?
Ans: For diagram,Here, x’ = 1m = 100cm, d = 25cm,
f =?From f = x’d / x’- d,
F = 100*25 / 100 - 25=33.3cmP = 100 / f = 100 / 33.3 = 3D
3. The far point of myopic person is 80 cm in front of the eye. What is the nature and power of the lens required to enable him to see very distant objects distinctly?
Ans: Concave; -1.25D
4. The far point of a myopic person is 150 cm in front the eye. Calculate the focal length and power of a lens required to enable him to see distant objects clearly.
Ans: -1.5m, -0.67D
Q. By giving reasons state your observations when a parallel beam of white light :
(i) is passed through by hypo-solution and then focussed on a white screen
(ii) is passed through hypo-solution (to which few drops of sulphuric acid is added) and then focussed on a white screen.
Ans. (i) The path of white light is not visible in the hypo-solution. The beam focuses on the white screen as a bright white spot.
Reason: The white light does not get scattered because the size of particles in the hyposolution is too small compared to the wavelengths in white light.
(ii) (a) In 2-3 minutes, after the addition of sulphuric acid, the sides of container start emiting blue light.
(b) The light coming out of the container is initially orange, then red and focusses on the screen. This light gradually changes to crimson red.
Reason : The sulphuric acid reacts with hypo solution to form colloidal sulphur. Initially these sulphur particles are very small and hence scatter blue light. Thus, the deficient light passing out of the container is orange in colour. However, as the reaction proceeds, more and more colloidal particles of sulphur are formed. These sulphur particles then join to form bigger sulphur particles. These bigger particles scatter red colour and hence the light coming out of the container is crimson red.
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