Thales is the first mathematician credited with giving the first known proof “a circle is bisected by its diameter. One of Thales’ most famous pupils was Pythagoras and his group discovered many geometric properties and developed the theory of geometry to a great extent. At that time Euclid, a teacher of mathematics at Alexandria in Egypt, collected all the known work and arranged it in his famous treatise, called ‘Elements’. He divided the ‘Elements’ into thirteen chapters, each called a book. Some definitions from book -1 of Elements are: 1. A point is that which has no part. 2. A line is breathless length. 3. The ends of a line are points. 4. A straight line is a line which lies evenly with the points on itself. 5. A surface is that which has length and breadth only. 6. The edges of a surface are lines. 7. A plane surface is a surface which lies evenly with the straight lines on itself. Þ An axiom or a postulate is a mathematical statement which is assumed to be true without proof. These assumptions are actually obvious universal truths. Þ Theorems are statements which are proved, using definitions, axioms, previously proved statements and deductive reasoning. Þ Some of the Euclid’s axioms are: (i) Things which are equal to same thing are equal to one another. (ii) If equals are added to equals, the wholes are equal. (iii) If equals are subtracted from equals, the remainders are equals. (iv) Things which coincide with one another are equal to one another. (v) The whole is greater than the part. (vi) Things which are double of the same thing are equal to one another. (vii) Things which are halves of the same thing are equal to one another. Þ Euclid’s five postulates are: (i) A straight line may be drawn from any point to any other point. (ii) A terminated line can be produced indefinitely. (iii) A circle can be drawn with any centre and any radius. (iv) All right angles are equal to one another. (v) If a straight line falling on two straight lines makes the interior angles on the same side of it taken together less than two right angles, then the two straight lines, if produced indefinitely, meet on that side on which the sum of angles is less than two right angles. A system of axioms is called consistent, if it is impossible to deduce from these axioms a statement that contradicts any axioms or previously proved statement. Euclid’s first postulate can also be stated as below: Given two distinct points, there is a unique line that passes through them. Two distinct lines cannot have more than one point in common. Playfair’s Axiom: For every line l and for every point P not lying on l, there exists a unique line m, passing through P and parallel to l. [~ 5th Postulate] Two distinct intersecting lines cannot be parallel to the same line. CBSE Class IX Introduction to Euclid's geometry full study
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
Blog SeaRCH Link
All
Join Us For Update |